Science games where kids run the experiment.

pH measures how acidic or basic a solution is: acid lowers pH, base raises pH, and neutral is 7.

Aotearoa New Zealand’s native birds can be recognised respectfully by distinctive visible features such as bill shape, feather markings, body shape, legs, eyes, and tail.

Protons decide which element an atom is, neutrons change its isotope and mass, and electrons change its charge.

A biome's long-term temperature and rainfall shape its vegetation, which determines which plants, animals, and food chains can survive there.

Animal bodies contain fitted layers—skin, muscles, organs, and skeleton—and each layer has a different job while working as one connected body.

A cell works like a connected factory: specialized organelles have different jobs, and changing one limiting station can change the output of the whole system.

Electric current flows only around one complete, unbroken loop; a switch controls that loop but is not the same as a broken wire, and every component in a series circuit shares the same route.

An object sinks when it is denser than water, floats when it is less dense, and hovers when the densities match; changing mass or volume changes density.

Palaeontologists identify dinosaurs by comparing combinations of fossil features—such as skulls, horns, plates, claws, limb proportions, and tails—rather than guessing from one bone.

An offspring receives one allele for each gene from each parent; dominant alleles can mask recessive alleles, and a Punnett square predicts probabilities rather than guaranteeing one outcome.

The periodic table is a map: atomic number identifies an element by its proton count, periods are rows, groups are columns with related properties, and symbols are short element names.

Energy flows from food to eater, so changing one population can send rises, falls, booms, and crashes through several links of a food web.

Equal opposing forces balance and keep an object still; when one opposing force is bigger, the object moves in that force's direction, regardless of headcount.

Fossils are clues preserved in rock; palaeontologists carefully uncover their shapes and positions, then fit that evidence together to infer what an extinct animal looked like.

The heart is a pump: each muscle squeeze raises pressure, one-way valves direct that pressure into forward blood flow, and body demand changes how quickly the pump repeats.

A living thing passes through stages in a particular order, and reproduction links the adult stage to a new generation so the pattern repeats as a life cycle.

Light travels in straight lines and reflects from a mirror so its angle away from the normal equals its angle toward the normal.

The Sun always lights half the Moon; as the Moon moves around Earth, our changing view of that same lit half makes the phases repeat in order.

Simple machines make jobs easier by trading force for distance or changing the direction of a force; they do not remove the load's weight or create energy.

The ocean changes in zones with depth: sunlight fades, temperature falls, and pressure rises, so animals need different adaptations to live at different depths.

An orbit is constant falling: gravity bends sideways motion around a planet, while too little sideways speed crashes and too much escapes.

Plants use light energy to rearrange atoms from water and CO₂ into sugar and oxygen; atoms regroup rather than appearing, and the scarcest required input limits production.

Each plant part has a distinct job, and roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds work with sunlight, water, and air to help the whole plant live, grow, and begin a new generation.

A rainforest has four vertical layers, and different animals fit each layer because light, food, movement routes, moisture, and safety change from top to bottom.

A chemical reaction rearranges atoms but does not create or destroy them, so a correct equation has the same number of each kind of atom before and after the reaction.

Rock types are stages in a cycle: cooling makes igneous rock, surface weathering plus deposition and cementing makes sedimentary rock, heat and pressure make metamorphic rock, and melting returns rock to magma.

Earth's fixed axial tilt changes how directly sunlight hits each hemisphere: direct light is concentrated, while slanted light spreads the same energy over more area and heats less.

As altitude increases, Earth’s air gets gradually thinner: birds and airplanes need enough air, balloons rise into thin air, and satellites orbit above almost all of it.

A liquid can dissolve only a limited amount of solute at a given temperature. Heating usually raises that limit, while cooling can make some dissolved solute become solid again.

Frequency controls pitch and amplitude controls loudness; either one can change without changing the other.

Heating gives particles more energy, so they move faster on average; the fastest particles at a liquid's surface can escape as vapor, which is evaporation and can cool the liquid left behind.

Constellations are recognizable patterns we see from Earth: their stars are real, but the connecting lines are imaginary guides, and hemisphere and season change which patterns are easiest to find.

Solids, liquids, and gases contain the same-sized particles with different amounts of energy: heating makes particles move faster and more freely, while cooling makes them slow down and lock closer together.

Inherited traits vary within a population; when an environment lets better-suited individuals survive and reproduce more, those traits become more frequent over generations, so the population evolves.

Tectonic plates keep moving, and pulling apart, pushing together, or sliding past creates predictable patterns of ridges, mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes.

A projectile's launch angle and power determine a predictable parabolic path; the apex and landing point can be read from that curve and represented by a quadratic equation.

Heat and expanding trapped gas build pressure in a magma chamber; that pressure forces magma up a vent, and more stored pressure produces a bigger eruption.

A wave has amplitude (height), wavelength (spacing), frequency and speed. Amplitude is independent of wavelength, while frequency and wavelength trade off when speed stays fixed: speed = frequency × wavelength.

Weather clues such as clouds, temperature, wind, and repeating observations help us describe current conditions, prepare sensibly, and make simple forecasts that are predictions rather than promises.